Contents

Acknowledgements
Tables
Figures and Boxes

1.    Introduction

Economic Liberalization and Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development
Environmental Awareness and Non-Governmental Organizations

Mainland Southeast Asia: Common Issues, Common Concerns

Organization of the Report

2.    Mainland Southeast Asia: The Economies and the Environment

Introduction

Population, Economy and Environment

Cambodia

Background
Human Resources
Economic Reforms
The Status of the Environment

Forests
Arable Land
Biodiversity and Protected Areas
Water Resources
Coastal/Marine Resources
Pollution

Conclusion

The Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)

Background
Human Resources
Economic Reforms
The Status of the Environment

Forests
Arable Land
Biodiversity and Protected Areas
Mineral Resources
Water Resources

Conclusion

Thailand

Background
Human Resources
Economic Reforms
The Status of the Environment

Forests
Arable Land
Biodiversity and Protected Areas
Water Resources
Coastal/Marine Resources
Industrial Pollution

Conclusion

Vietnam

Background
Human Resources
Economic Reforms
The Status of the Environment

Forests
Arable Land
Biodiversity and Protected Areas
Water Resources
Coastal/Marine Resources
Mineral Resources

Conclusion

NRE Trends and Likely Issues to the Year 2000

Major Issues and Concerns
Natural Resource Utilization Trends
Potential Local and International Conflicts

3.    Institutional and Legal Framework

Introduction

Environmental Legislation
Institutional Framework

Cambodia

Legislative Framework
Institutions

The Lao PDR

Legislative Framework
Institutional Framework

Institutional Reforms

Executive Government-Level Reforms

Line Agencies
Constraints
Research Capacity
Database

Institutions

STENO
Department of Forestry

Thailand

Institutional Framework
Legislation
Institutions

Viet Nam

Legislative Framework
Institutions

Conclusion

4.    NGOs and Natural Resources Management in Mainland Southeast Asia

NGOs, Environment and Development
Environmental NGOs in Developing Countries
NGOs in MSEA Countries
NGOs in Cambodia

Conclusion

NGOs in Thailand

NGOs and Environmental Awareness
Classification of NGOs in Thailand

Spatially-based
Theme-based
Activity-based

Government-NGO Relationship
Government-NGO-People Interaction
Thai NGOs and Environmental Issues
Institutional Capacities
Future of Thai Environmental NGOs

NGOs in Viet Nam

Environmental NGOs and Associations
Government-NGO Relationship
Vietnamese NGOs and Environmental Issues
Institutional Capacities
Future of Vietnamese NGOs

Conclusion

5.    Agenda for Regional Collaborations

Common Problems Mutual Needs and Potential Conflicts
Human Resource Constraints
The Role of NGOs
Importance of NRE Policies
Relevance of Thailand's Experience
Strategies for Regional Collaboration
Areas of Common Interests and Future Collaborations

References